{"id":6196,"date":"2023-07-05T21:45:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-05T19:45:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cr451.fr\/home\/"},"modified":"2026-09-10T11:00:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:00:55","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cr451.fr\/en\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(0,0,0,0.88) 0%|rgba(0,0,0,0.29) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/cr451.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/header-ege.jpg” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”0px||10px||false|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”500px” width_tablet=”600px” width_phone=”400px” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”500px” max_width_tablet=”600px” max_width_phone=”400px” max_width_last_edited=”on|phone” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”8vw||8vw||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|3px|3px|3px|3px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”20px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/cr451.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/ICON_CR451.svg” background_size=”contain” width=”150px” module_alignment=”center” height=”150px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font_size_tablet=”27px” header_font_size_phone=”22px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Applied Research Centre<\/span>
of the School of Economic Warfare<\/span><\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjI3ODUifX0=@” button_text=”Discover CR451″ button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”button_url” _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_font=”|700|||||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#d72a34″ background_enable_image=”off” custom_padding=”||69px||false|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/cr451.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/logo-cr451.png” alt=”CR451″ title_text=”CR451″ align=”center” _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_2_font=”HelveticaNeue Light|||on|||||” header_2_text_color=”#FFFFFF” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”21px” header_2_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

WHAT DO we do?<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_2_font=”HelveticaNeue Light|||on|||||” header_2_text_color=”#FFFFFF” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”21px” header_2_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

We have three applied research activities: <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Economic warfare<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  • Information warfare<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  • Cognitive warfare<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The centre prioritises an applied research approach, where the ambition is not only to describe, but to build tools, support decision-making in contexts of multi-domain and multi-actor confrontation, and anticipate the adversary\u2019s strategies.<\/p>\n

    Born of an assessment formulated by Christian Harbulot, co-founder of the School of Economic Warfare, CR451 is based on a simple but structuring observation: contemporary conflicts now unfold continuously across economic, geopolitical, societal and informational arenas, to the point that systemic economic warfare has emerged as a central paradigm of how the world operates. The training experience, although proven and widely delivered to several thousand students, was not sufficient to trigger comparable awareness among a large proportion of decision-makers, making an additional step necessary\u2014more doctrinal, better tooled, and more directly action-oriented.<\/p>\n

    CR451 was established in autumn 2021. Its name, in tribute to Ray Bradbury\u2019s \u201cFahrenheit 451\u201d, refers to the loss of memory symbolised by the destruction of books by fire.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#edf0f5″ background_enable_image=”off” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”5vw||5vw||true|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”HelveticaNeue Light|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#D72A34″ text_orientation=”center” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||1px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”21px” header_2_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

    Our Work<\/h2>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” width=”95%” max_width=”1300px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|3px|3px|3px|3px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”20px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#E02B20″ header_3_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” header_3_text_align=”left” header_3_text_color=”#00719e” header_3_letter_spacing=”-1px” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”|25px||25px|false|true” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

    Research areas<\/h3>\n

    Find the latest CR451 case studies and dossiers on information warfare, economic warfare, and cognitive warfare.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog_extras include_categories=”110″ blog_layout=”slider” slider_layout=”block_extended” use_manual_excerpt=”off” excerpt_length=”0″ use_read_more_button=”on” read_more_text=”Lire plus” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_comments=”off” slides_per_view=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color=”#00719E” custom_read_more=”on” read_more_text_color=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_width=”1px” read_more_border_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_radius=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}” read_more_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ read_more_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_enable_color__hover=”on”][\/et_pb_blog_extras][wdc_post_carousel animation_speed=”1100ms” autoplay_speed=”2500ms” nav_pagi=”none” slide_count=”1″ layout=”layout3″ include_categories=”110″ order=”DESC” post_count=”20″ button_text=”Lire plus” show_content=”off” show_categories=”off” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_comment_count=”off” show_btn=”on” post_bg=”#FFFFFF” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h4″ title_text_color=”#00014c” title_font_size=”18px” background_enable_color=”off” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”17px” button_text_color=”#FFFFFF” button_bg_color=”#D72A34″ button_border_width=”1px” button_border_color=”#E02B20″ button_border_radius=”0px” button_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” button_icon=”5||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#FFFFFF” button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”7px|15px|7px|5px|true|false” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_icon_color__hover=”#D72A34″ button_icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover”][\/wdc_post_carousel][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|3px|3px|3px|3px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”20px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#E02B20″ header_3_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” header_3_text_align=”left” header_3_text_color=”#00719e” header_3_letter_spacing=”-1px” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”|25px||25px|false|true” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

    Publications<\/h3>\n

    Find the latest CR451 publications: research notes, annual volumes, seminar reports, and articles.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog_extras post_type=”publication” blog_layout=”slider” slider_layout=”block_extended” use_manual_excerpt=”off” excerpt_length=”0″ use_read_more_button=”on” read_more_text=”Lire plus” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_comments=”off” slides_per_view=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color=”#00719E” custom_read_more=”on” read_more_text_color=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_width=”1px” read_more_border_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_radius=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}” read_more_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ read_more_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_enable_color__hover=”on”][\/et_pb_blog_extras][wdc_post_carousel animation_speed=”1100ms” autoplay_speed=”2500ms” nav_pagi=”none” slide_count=”1″ layout=”layout3″ post_type=”publication” order=”DESC” button_text=”Lire plus” show_content=”off” show_categories=”off” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_comment_count=”off” show_btn=”on” post_bg=”#FFFFFF” _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h4″ title_text_color=”#442F00″ title_font_size=”18px” background_enable_color=”off” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”17px” button_text_color=”#FFFFFF” button_bg_color=”#D72A34″ button_border_width=”1px” button_border_color=”#E02B20″ button_border_radius=”0px” button_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” button_icon=”5||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#FFFFFF” button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”7px|15px|7px|5px|true|false” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_icon_color__hover=”#D72A34″ button_icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover”][\/wdc_post_carousel][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” width=”95%” max_width=”1300px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|3px|3px|3px|3px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”20px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#E02B20″ header_3_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” header_3_text_align=”left” header_3_text_color=”#00719e” header_3_letter_spacing=”-1px” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”|25px||25px|false|true” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

    50 years of Information Warfare<\/h3>\n

    In this podcast series produced by CR451 and led by Nicolas Moinet, Christian Harbulot analyses 50 years of information warfare.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog_extras post_type=”podcast” include_categorie_video__pod=”52″ blog_layout=”slider” slider_layout=”block_extended” use_manual_excerpt=”off” excerpt_length=”0″ use_read_more_button=”on” read_more_text=”Lire plus” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_comments=”off” slides_per_view=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color=”#00719E” custom_read_more=”on” read_more_text_color=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_width=”1px” read_more_border_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_radius=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}” read_more_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ read_more_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_enable_color__hover=”on”][\/et_pb_blog_extras][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|3px|3px|3px|3px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”20px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Texte” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#E02B20″ header_3_font=”HelveticaNeue Light||||||||” header_3_text_align=”left” header_3_text_color=”#00719e” header_3_letter_spacing=”-1px” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”|25px||25px|false|true” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

    DST series (danger, awakening, transmission)<\/h3>\n

    In these podcasts, we bring to light what constitutes a danger that requires a reaction (an awakening) and must be made public (transmission).<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog_extras post_type=”podcast” include_categorie_video__pod=”97″ blog_layout=”slider” slider_layout=”block_extended” use_manual_excerpt=”off” excerpt_length=”0″ use_read_more_button=”on” read_more_text=”Lire plus” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_comments=”off” slides_per_view=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color=”#00719E” custom_read_more=”on” read_more_text_color=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_width=”1px” read_more_border_color=”#D72A34″ read_more_border_radius=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}” read_more_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_text_color__hover=”#D72A34″ read_more_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” read_more_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” read_more_bg_enable_color__hover=”on”][\/et_pb_blog_extras][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Header” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_image=”off” background_enable_pattern_style=”on” background_pattern_style=”crosses” background_pattern_color=”rgba(43,43,43,0.05)” background_pattern_size=”custom” background_pattern_width=”11px” custom_padding=”||69px||false|false” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.24.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”HelveticaNeue Light|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#D72A34″ text_orientation=”center” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||45px||false|false” header_2_font_size_tablet=”21px” header_2_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

    Civil culture of information warfare series<\/h2>\n

    Christian Harbulot revisits emblematic cases of civil information warfare observed since the beginning of the 20th century.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_video_slider _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_video_slider_item src=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/fmYwQLkEF9w” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” show_image_overlay=”off”][\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item src=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/RDXkqAavwB0″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” show_image_overlay=”off”][\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item src=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ogc9CaD1V0o” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” show_image_overlay=”off”][\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item src=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/ULwPO_Jy5_g” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” show_image_overlay=”off”][\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item src=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/BXiWwa6I7GE” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” show_image_overlay=”off”][\/et_pb_video_slider_item][\/et_pb_video_slider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”HelveticaNeue Light|||on|||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_text_color=”#D72A34″ text_orientation=”center” max_width=”750px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”||45px||false|false” header_2_font_size_tablet=”21px” header_2_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

    DOCUMENTARY SERIES ON Economic warfare<\/h2>\n

    Documentaries and interviews based on our book: ECONOMIC WARFARE: HOW TO WIN?<\/p>\n

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    All articles<\/h2>\n

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    Applied Research Centreof the School of Economic WarfareWHAT DO we do?We have three applied research activities: Economic warfare Information warfare Cognitive warfare The centre prioritises an applied research approach, where the ambition is not only to describe, but to build tools, support decision-making in contexts of multi-domain and multi-actor confrontation, and anticipate the adversary\u2019s strategies. 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