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Applied Research Centre
of the School of Economic Warfare
WHAT DO we do?
We have three applied research activities:
- Economic warfare
- Information warfare
- Cognitive warfare
The centre prioritises an applied research approach, where the ambition is not only to describe, but to build tools, support decision-making in contexts of multi-domain and multi-actor confrontation, and anticipate the adversary’s strategies.
Born of an assessment formulated by Christian Harbulot, co-founder of the School of Economic Warfare, CR451 is based on a simple but structuring observation: contemporary conflicts now unfold continuously across economic, geopolitical, societal and informational arenas, to the point that systemic economic warfare has emerged as a central paradigm of how the world operates. The training experience, although proven and widely delivered to several thousand students, was not sufficient to trigger comparable awareness among a large proportion of decision-makers, making an additional step necessary—more doctrinal, better tooled, and more directly action-oriented.
CR451 was established in autumn 2021. Its name, in tribute to Ray Bradbury’s “Fahrenheit 451”, refers to the loss of memory symbolised by the destruction of books by fire.
Our Work
Research areas
Find the latest CR451 case studies and dossiers on information warfare, economic warfare, and cognitive warfare.
Publications
Find the latest CR451 publications: research notes, annual volumes, seminar reports, and articles.
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50 years of Information Warfare
In this podcast series produced by CR451 and led by Nicolas Moinet, Christian Harbulot analyses 50 years of information warfare.
DST Series (Danger, Surge, Transmission)
In these podcasts, we bring to light what constitutes a danger that requires a reaction (an awakening) and must be made public (transmission).
Civil culture of information warfare series
Christian Harbulot revisits emblematic cases of civil information warfare observed since the beginning of the 20th century.
DOCUMENTARY SERIES ON Economic warfare
Documentaries and interviews based on our book: ECONOMIC WARFARE: HOW TO WIN?
All articles
Mature Medicine: The Blind Spot of Health Sovereignty
To download the report: mature-medicines-report-23-09-2026 The report begins with an observation of scale. Specialties marketed for more than ten years represent 68% of the turnover of reimbursable medicines sold in pharmacies (DREES, 2024). Mature medicine is...
Gaining Perspective for Action
By General Jean-Claude Gallet and Christian Harbulot Several recent crises have highlighted the difficulties faced by French elites in defining a power politics and the stance to adopt in confronting power dynamics. The blockage of the Strait of Hormuz has added a new...
Claude: A Case of Information Warfare Through the Container
On June 12, 2026, the U.S. Department of Commerce directs the American company Anthropic to suspend access to its Claude Fable 5 and Claude Mythos 5 artificial intelligence models for all foreign nationals[1]. On June 26, 2026, it authorizes Anthropic to redeploy...
Introduction to the Research Security and Integrity Observatory.
English version further down In a world beset by multiple crises – characterised by unprecedented technological competition, ever-greater interdependence, increasingly sophisticated threats and ever-more intense destabilisation of the rule of law – the security of...
We are told the world has changed, but has it really changed that much?
This chronology offers a retrospective overview, based on a selection of quotations from Christian Harbulot's works, to establish that the diagnosis of the structural processes of economic warfare is longstanding, documented, and methodically formulated since the...
Vietnam: Between Bamboo Diplomacy and Economic Warfare—From Defensive to Offensive?
Author's Note: This article was written as part of the preparations for the symposium "Economic Warfare in Times of Peace"[1] organized at the Senate by CR451 in October 2024[2]. For over a year, the public security system established in Vietnam for many years appears...
Summary of the 1st International Colloquium on Peacetime Economic Warfare
By Arnaud de Morgny and Nicolas Moinet On October 26, 2024, CR451 organized the 1st International Colloquium on Peacetime Economic Warfare. This summary, written by Nicolas Moinet and Arnaud de Morgny, was initially published in the International Review of Economic...
Thought is a Weapon – Episode 6 – The Emergence of French Thinking on Cognitive Warfare
Study of the Development of Concept Creation The School of Economic Warfare was entering its fifth year of existence. While its core business was economic intelligence and its various pedagogical applications, another dimension was challenging our thinking on...
The stakes of economic warfare
In France, the concept of “economic warfare” is difficult to grasp. Most business leaders still focus on innovation-related issues, the watchword of engineering culture. Economic confrontations between powers and their concrete consequences remain a field they leave...
