In the field of information warfare, the British example demonstrates the essential importance of human intelligence, both for implementing an effective strategy and, above all, for launching a concrete offensive. In this highly sensitive area, the France of 2022 has failed to learn from the British model. French institutions still apply a very defensive version of information warfare, either through the official voice of the Quai d’Orsay or through other more indirect forms of response, primarily cyber in nature. Feedback from the field seems to indicate that cyber effectors currently constitute an unconvincing response. When assessing their use in the African context, it is clear that our country’s position continues to weaken in the face of Russian pressure and local maneuvers aimed at disparaging France.
